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A scream rings out in the evening, then silence. If you listen you can hear the sobbing and crying of one small child, too old to not understand and too young to do anything about it. "Be quite, shut up!" , a thud, more screams, then dead silence. This scenario happens too frequently in our society, and it is only one of the many different ones that mark our children, physically and emotionally. These abused children often grow up to become the abusers and violent criminals of the future if not found and turned around.

This is directed toward those children who come from an abusive environment. What is "child abuse"? One might say it is an unacceptable act or deed perpetuated against a child. It comes in many ways and degrees; and it scars the child permanently, either physically or mentally. The child may be able to get the help he/she needs to overcome the pain, but the scars still remain. More thought, however, is needed to get to the issues involved and the lasting effect it has on lives.

"The fundamental dysfunction in family interaction has been present long before the episode of abuse that brings the child to the attention of the community. The pathology involves all members of the family - father, mother and their children." In a family of an abused child or children, all the members including, and especially the child or children, live under the inter-locking rules of the family of abuse.

These rules may not even be spoken, but the message is loud and clear to the ones involved. "Don't talk", this is the first and foremost rule of survival, "If you talk the family may be destroyed; if you talk it will be worse on you; if you say anything to anyone I will hurt your ....", brother, sister, mother, dog, cat, perhaps something inanimate like a doll, or anything else that is close to the child. "Dad likes to play cards with his friends once a week, and he enjoys the occasional night out with his wife. Sometimes he is seen pitching balls to his son on their front lawn. But he is never heard warning his son to keep 'their little secret'." "Don't trust." "No one can be trusted." It is insistently instilled into the minds of those involved.

If you can't trust your own family, then you sure can't trust someone you don't know. If you trust someone you might slip and say something; then not only this rule, but the first "don't talk" will be violated as well. If you trust someone they will find out things about you and will talk. Can't trust anyone because they will take advantage of you and mistreat you even further. Also is heard in the heart of one who has been abused, "Those people don't really care for you they just want something". Lame reasoning, yes; but effective for control.

Lastly "don't feel", feelings can't be trusted. You have no right to feel anything, don't feel anger, don't feel hate. "If you feel at all, it will kill you. If you feel or if you look sad people may ask questions."This has a numbing effect that lasts and lasts; but you do feel, you feel worthlessness, "bad", guilt and shame.

These rules become barriers that are difficult to overcome for healing to begin. Child abuse can be placed into four legal categories as defined by the Department of Health and Human Services; physical, neglect, sexual and mental. Aside from the legality, each progressive step builds on the previous and each can overlap into the others. Neglect can be physical, mental, emotional or educational. Physical abuse, causes emotional effects, and can cause mental damage as well. Sexual abuse can be passive (looking, photographs, etc.), leaving no physical scars; or active with or without physical scars. Either way, it is still abuse and effects the mental and emotional well being of the child. "Long years spent under horrifying home conditions almost inevitably make children especially susceptible to mental and physical disorders that cripple them for the future,"

Child abuse has been around since Old Testament times "...Sepharvites burnt their children in fire to Adrammelech...", (2 Kings 17:31), Ahaz is spoken about in (2 Kings 16:2-3 NIV), "..... Unlike David his father, he did not do what was right in the eyes of the LORD his God. He walked in the ways of the kings of Israel and even sacrificed his son in the fire, ..." Joseph's brothers threw him into a pit and sold him as a slave, Pharaoh had the Israelite children thrown into the river and in the New Testament Herod had all the young boys two years old and younger killed.

In many places and cultures, even in some places in modern times, children have been considered property, been abandoned, tortured, and other atrocities done with-out recourse. Our society has recognized the need to establish laws and guidelines that have defined child abuse. "The earliest recorded trial for child abuse involved a master and his apprentice. In 1639, in Salem, Massachusetts.... The evidence showed the boy had been ill-treated and subjected to 'unreasonable correction'. However the boy's allegation that the master had been responsible for his fractured skull (which ultimately killed him) was called into question by testimony that he had told someone else the injury resulted from falling from a tree. "The trial ended in acquittal of the defendant.

Children learn many things from physical violence. We may list four that could be unintentional lessons. "The first of these unintended consequences is the association of love with violence. Parents are the first and usually the only ones to hit an infant... The child therefore learns that his or her primary love objects are also those who hit. Second, since physical punishment is used to train the child or to teach about which dangerous things are to be avoided, it establishes the moral rightness of hitting other family members. The third unintended consequence is the principle that when something is really important it justifies the use of physical force. Fourth is the idea that when one is under stress, tense, or angry, hitting - although wrong - is 'understandable', i.e., to a certain extent legitimate"

Each of these lessons have a long term effect. What is learned is put into practice not only now but also as an adult when the same lessons are taught to their children. Lessons of life are hard learned and often harder to unlearn. "Sure, my father use to hit me, but he only did it to keep me in line. I don't see what that has to do with my marriage falling apart" From personal observation, the physically abused child when grown up will go to one extreme or the other. If they in turn use physical punishment, it usually is just the natural thing to do or they justify it with "I turned out all right". The physical punishment they use will be at least the same degree as they perceive what was done to them.

Then there are those who are marked in a different way, they remember the shame, the pain and dehumanizing effect in a different way and don't wish that for anyone. These victims turn it totally around, and will not as much as swat a child. In their mind it would be like an alcoholic taking a drink, it would escalate, and that would put them in the same old trap, only giving rather than taking. However, the majority of the abusers were abused as children. Violence is passed from parent to child in a seldom ending cycle of violence passed down generations. In Exodus 20:5, Exodus 34:7 and then repeated in Numbers 20: 18, "The LORD is long-suffering, and of great mercy, forgiving iniquity and transgression, and by no means clearing the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation."

One of the future results of child abuse in addition to some already discussed, is the prediction for abused children to develop behavior which cause some of them to become criminals. Numerous studies have shown that an extremely high percentage of those incarcerated were victims of child abuse. Cathy Wisdom found that, "Although males are more likely to commit crimes that females, being abused or neglected as a girl increased the likelihood of arrest by 77 percent." As with abusive parents who were abused, violent adults also learned violence from their family setting.

"The study found that neglect was nearly as powerful a predictor of later violent criminal behavior as physical abuse." Neglect has it's physical effects as well as mental. It's effects go deeper than blows from a walking stick or a extension cord; it rests in the mind and sets up a belief system contrary to what God designed. Abuse today is being accelerated by peers, by gangs and violence associated with them. Not only are the younger gang members abused when they enter the gang but it continues in order for the leaders to keep control of the members.

Gang violence is an abusive force to the entire neighborhood and surrounding area. The violence and harassment associated with gangs, intimidates, frightens, physically harms and even kills. Although their action comes under separate criminal codes, and is dealt with aside of abuse, this type problem is truly an uncontrolled source of physical and mental abuse.

Physically abusive and non-abusive mothers have different perceptions of themselves and their children. The researchers in this study drew some interesting conclusions. The abusive mothers were much less likely to hold their own actions responsible for poor interchange with their children. Although abusive and non-abusive mothers though that their children engaged in equal amounts of irritating behavior, the abusive mothers were more likely to label the behavior as a problem. Finally, the abusive mothers gave their children little credit for any successful interactions that occurred; the outcome of the situation, they felt, was the result of external forces which neither the parent nor the child controlled.

A relatively high percent of abusive parents have difficulty in coping in all areas of life. They may exhibit a variety of symptoms: depression, immaturity, impulsive behavior, inadequate personality, or passive-aggressive personality. Some common factors are: 1. "Historically they were abused or deprived as children. 2. However successful or effective they appear, their emotional relationships are inadequate. Isolation, distrust, and minimal support systems are the rule. 3. They cope poorly with many crisis, most often when they are made to feel rejected or inadequate. 4. They show role reversal, expecting their children to meet their needs and make them feel better. They see physical punishment as an appropriate reaction to failure of the child to respond as they wish in meeting those needs. 5. Their self image is defective, they are convinced they really aren't "any d___ good".

Neglect is not as noticeable, at times, as physical abuse; but can be just as devastating. Seeing a child with bruises can stir action quickly but sometimes the child is severely damaged mentally, physically and emotionally before the symptoms of neglect are noticeable. At other times it can be more obvious. "Approximately two-thirds of actual child maltreatment in the United States were cases of Child Neglect."

Some years ago my wife and I became foster parents to a three year old deaf boy. He had been extremely neglected and abused. At 24 his mother had already had three children removed and had "given" away one or two more. The police came to find her at 2:30 one morning, because the child, then 2½ years old, was walking naked down the middle of the street, looking for her. When they found her, she ask the police, "What took you so long to come get this one?" Many days and nights of love were required to begin his healing.

Physical neglect can be deadly, where the child is left alone unsupervised. Accidents sometime happen even with a well supervised child, how much more with lack of supervision or especially physical neglect. "Home Alone" may be the theme of a popular movie, but in real life leaving a young child alone unsupervised is neglect and it is against the law. How many times do you hear every year of the mother locking her child in the car while she runs in the store "just for a minute" and returns to find tragedy. "..

Three children die each day in our country as a result of maltreatment. Those who died, most of them under the age of 5, were harmed by the same person who was responsible for their care." If one third of the deaths from maltreatment, as mentioned previously, is from neglect then 2 of the 3 deaths each day is probably from neglect.

Mental abuse can take the form of deprival of learning and is co-partner with neglect. Children have been known to be locked in their rooms or the attic or basement, never allowed to go outside. The only contact they have is with people in their own immediate family. No education, sparse food, no exercise, in effect vegetating. This is an extreme, but it does happen. Many time it is the ego of the parents that allows it to happen.

While our foster son was enrolled quickly in a Day School for the Deaf, a 12 year old child, who had been hidden since birth by his parents, was discovered. Though living in the same neighborhood for years, he went unnoticed until new neighbors saw him wandering around late at night and notified the police. Through testing he was found to be deaf. Further testing found that although he was of average intelligence, because he had been locked up so long, he would never be able to reach his full potential. The parents stated that they were "ashamed of him" and didn't want anyone to know.

If the child has a physical or mental problem already and is hidden so no one will know about their "problem", how much worse will it become? When a child has a physical or mental problem and is confined for fear someone will know about him, the child receives no training, no coping skill development. Not only does the child have a "natural" problem but now it becomes compound. What was unfortunate now becomes tragic. "Whether it's 'they didn't mean to do any harm,' or 'they did the best they could,' these apologies obscure the fact that these parents abdicated their responsibilities to their children." If the parents had acquired help, the child could have learned coping skills or even overcome his problem.

Other children are locked in closets for long periods of time for "punishment". Another form of neglect and mental abuse is long periods of "the silent treatment", making the child a "non-person", leaving no room for any meaningful loving contact with those who should be showing love. Like it's counterpart physical abuse, emotional or mental abuse has some of the same dynamics. "Instances of gross physical abuse, neglect and rejection are more easily detected than situations in which a parent is psychologically undermining the normal childhood process." Unless they learn better, parents who were emotionally abused are more likely to pass this on to their children. This type of abuse is less easily defined.

A common type of emotional abuse is verbal assault. The damage done to the child's confidence and worth is devastating. Children who are verbally abused have a hard time developing a sense of dignity and proper social interaction skills. "Although the National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse receives approximately 250,000 reports of emotional abuse each year, it's employees believe that the actual incident may be significantly higher.

Like physical abuse, emotional abuse cuts across racial, ethnic and income lines. It can happen in any home where parents reject, humiliate or resort to harsh and degrading forms of punishment." It can be a personal withdrawal of affection which does not give the child the emotional warmth needed to grow and develop in a positive manner. Babies raised in an emotionally barren environment, who are not held or touched in a loving way, do not thrive properly. Some experts believe infants treated this way can die from the lack of nurturing.

A more subtle form of mental and emotional abuse is the exploitation of a child by a parent, parents or other, for their own gratification. In this case the child is made to feel that their own dreams or desires are not of any value. They are made to feel that what they think doesn't matter, what they feel has no worth, and nothing they do is right or worthwhile. "What makes a controlling parent so insidious is that the domination usually comes in the guise of concern. Phrases such as 'this is for your own good', 'I'm only doing this for you', 'It's only because I love you so much', all mean the same thing: 'I'm doing this because I'm so afraid of loosing you that I'm willing to make you miserable'."

Whether it is name calling or humiliation, threats or indifference, never feeling loved for themselves or other emotional mistreatment, any and all of these behaviors will produce children who feel worthless and inadequate. "Remember the old saying, 'sticks and stones may break my bones, but words can never hurt me'? It's not true. Insulting names, degrading comments, and belittling criticism can give children extremely negative messages about themselves, messages that can have dramatic effects on their future."

One in four girls and one in seven boys are sexually molested by their eighteenth birthday. These are statistics often quoted by child advocates. Often, under reporting is cited by some, and "actual incidents are much higher" is another claim. Many times studies ask leading questions or count incidents that are of a non-abusive nature. One study which had safeguards built into the study to eliminate this type of response was a published study of 129 women who had documented sexual abuse as children. "The women were asked detailed questions in general. 38% did not recall sexual abuse that had been reported seventeen years earlier.

Being younger at the time of abuse and close family relationship with the alleged perpetrator were significantly associated with forgetting." Studies such as this indicate that there are more victims that we are not counting; there are those incidents that go unreported as well. Just how many children are being sexually abused? We really don't know, our statistics are just not that accurate. We do know, however, that the numbers are high, and even a smaller number than is reported is much too large to be acceptable in our "civilized" culture.

Sexual child abuse can take the form of non-consentual or rape; consentual evasive contact with an under age child is known as "carnal knowledge" or statutory rape; and non-evasive such as nude posing, pornography or touching is called indecent liberty. The legal definition of sexual abuse is, "the obscene or pornographic photography, filming, or depiction of children for commercial purposes, or the rape, molestation, incest, prostitution, or other such forms of sexual exploitation of children under circumstances which indicate that the child's health or welfare is harmed or threatened thereby."

Sexual misconduct or abuse may even be physically enjoyable to the victim, even this type of abuse, however, still leaves emotional scars that can surface in various ways throughout the person's lifetime. "The sexual exploitation of children refers to the involvement of dependent, developmentally immature children and adolescents in sexual activities that they do not fully comprehend, are unable to give informed consent to, and that violates the social taboos of family roles." By the same token, sexual abuse does not even require physical contact; child pornography is one of those.

Perhaps it may be a family member, or friend, that has the child undress and just looks, making the child feel uncomfortable and ashamed; if not then, later in their life. While sexual abuse happens frequently by persons outside of the family; it most often happens "in the family." Most sexual abuse of children is done by family or "friends" of the family. "A sexually abused young girl is told by her abuser (often a relative) that he loves her, but she knows she feels bad about what is happening to her so she doubts herself and her judgment." The fear and distaste of what is happening goes unnoticed by the abuser, he does not see her or her terror, he is only using her for his needs.

Rape is devastating whenever and whomever it happens age not withstanding. "Then there was the pain. A breaking and entering when even the senses are torn apart. The act of rape on an eight-year old body is a matter of the needle giving because the camel can't. The child gives, because the body can, and the mind of the violator cannot." Children are taught "stranger danger" and rightly so, but they need to learn to beware of any inappropriate touch. There are types of sexual abuse that makes headlines; a child grabbed from the school yard, park, or street. They are molested and often murdered. These stories should shock us, but even more, we should be shocked by the sexual molestation that goes on day and night in the house down the street.

Sexual exploitation of children for the gratification of adults when carried to the extreme results in child prostitution and pornography. This is a three part problem. "Trafficking in children for illegal adoption is a world wide problem." Children are sold to be adopted by child pornographers, pedophiles and others who want children for the purpose of training as beggars. "Child prostitution and pornography still exist all over the world. In the United States, runaways are hired into the business... Although most European nations and the United States have laws against child prostitution and pornography, it continues to flourish because there is a demand for it."

Incest is recorded in the old Testament from (Genesis 19:34-36 KJV), "And it came to pass on the morrow, that the firstborn said unto the younger, Behold, I lay yesternight with my father: let us make him drink wine this night also; and go thou in, and lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father. And they made their father drink wine that night also: and the younger arose, and lay with him; and he perceived not when she lay down, nor when she arose. Thus were both the daughters of Lot with child by their father."

The Bible also makes it quite clear that it is not acceptable conduct, (Levitcus 18:6 KJV), "None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him, to uncover their nakedness: I am the LORD." Another incident recorded in 2 Samuel 13:10-12, "Then Amnon said to Tamar, 'Bring the food here into my bedroom so I may eat from your hand.' And Tamar took the bread she had prepared and brought it to her brother Amnon in his bedroom. But when she took it to him to eat, he grabbed her and said, "Come to bed with me, my sister. 'Don't, my brother!' she said to him. 'Don't force me. Such a thing should not be done in Israel! Don't do this wicked thing'."

Incest is an abuse that is most likely underreported due to several factors. "Ninety percent of all incest victims never tell anyone what has happened, or what is happening to them. They remain silent not only because they are afraid of getting hurt themselves, but to a great extent because they are afraid of breaking up the family by getting a parent in trouble." The act of incest is not always, and not even in most cases, a physically violent act, it ranges more in the seductive category. Curiosity or exploration, inability to determine the right or wrong in cases of small children, and just passive compliance because the perpetrator is family and that must "make it okay."

"Seventy-eight percent of all reported incest involves father-daughter; eighteen percent sibling; one percent mother-son and the remainder, multiple relationships within the family." Although the act of incest may or may not be of a seemingly violent nature, it is none the less devastating, both to the victim and the entire family. Family members may not even know it is happening, but most likely they do and ignore it. They pretend it isn't happening or are fearful of the "secret" getting out and destroying the family.

"Controversial theories abound about the family climate and the role that other family members play. In my experience, however, one factor always holds true; incest simply doesn't happen in, open loving, communicating families. Instead, incest occurs in families where there is a great deal of emotional isolation, secrecy, neediness, stress and lack of respect." It will leave scars that may only show up at a later time in their lives. "Incest is perhaps the cruelest, most baffling of human experiences. It is a betrayal of the most basic trust between child and parent. It is emotionally devastating." It is a contradiction to any moral teaching that might be received by the child.

As they grow either the sexual abuse becomes a horror, just an unpleasant role that is endured, a pleasure, or the child just becomes numb and detached from the act entirely. Most adolescent prostitutes come from this type or other abusive background. Excerpts from a book entitled A Rock and a Hard Place, by Anthony Godby Johnson graphically describes his exploitation's by his natural parents. "Many parents are like mine, who see their children as possessions and operate under the guise of rightful ownership. They believe they can do what they want to with their children - and they do..." As a young child he was completely under their mercy, which there seemed to be none.

"My parents were evil bullies who flourished with the administration of pain and fear." Control in the form of neglect and deprivation is a tool of tyrants. "I had no bed to sleep in, and no warm clothes" In order to have total control one method that is used is to force conformation to reinforce dependence; manipulation of the mind through the body. "My parents denied me Santa Clause, the tooth fairy and stories about the 'Man in the Moon' by forcing their own hateful world upon me on a daily basis." "I was beaten often because they said I deserved it...." "They thrived on pain, particularly when it had to do with children.. and even traded one another's children around to participate in bazaar rituals." He was finally rescued after calling a hot line for help. He is fourteen and HIV positive, because of his parents exploitation of him.

A controversial issue involving physical and sexual abuse is Satanic Ritual Abuse (SRA). One definition of this is, "Psychological, sexual and/or physical assault committed by two or more people whose primary motive is to fulfill a prescribed ritual involving the worship of the devil, Satan." This type of abuse covers physical, mental and sexual abuse, and much has been written and said about the existence or absence of this type of "ceremonial" abuse.

I would propose that SRA is not necessarily only of a ceremonial nature and does not require two or more persons, but rather, is of a repetitious nature perpetrated by one or more persons. The treatment of Anthony Godby Johnson, as related earlier, is a good illustration of this. Although there was no organized ceremonial "Satanic" activity, as far as worship or offerings, it was ritualistic abuse and the author of it was Satan. While there are those "covens" or cells that do practice this abuse in a ceremonial nature the extent of the abuse goes far beyond the "established ceremonies."

Satanic Ritual Abuse does not have to be done by someone worshipping the devil, they may not even believe in the existence of Satan, or for that matter God. The continued abuse inflicted on children over and over in the same setting, in the same home and even the same methods or variety of methods is satanic. Whether it is labeled "ritual" or not; it is there because of the sinful nature of man. The abuser is responsible for his or her own action. It cannot be said "the devil made me do it". Although the desire and impulse may well come from Satan, it is still the individual that has the choice to act on it.

Satanic Ritual Abuse is a real and worsening problem. It is not necessarily just the organized groups claiming to be Satanist, which also seems to be growing. It is also those who fall into the trap that Satan set long ago in the Garden; the disobedience against what is right in the sight of God. What the causes and effects of the abuse are is something that is more important to the victim than all the statistics we can compile.

"At the same time that many seriously abused children go unreported, there is an equally serious problem that further undercuts efforts to prevent the maltreatment of children; the nations child protective agencies are being inundated by 'unfounded' reports." While on the surface this should trap many cases that might go unreported, it has the effect of a "false fire alarm". While the "fire truck" is at one call, a house burns down somewhere else. There are rules and procedures in place that should screen for this type of report but every year many go on the records as "unsubstantiated" or "unfounded". "The reality of child abuse is so awful that a harsh, condemnatory response is understandable. But such reactions must be tempered if any progress is made."

This still does not relieve the true problem, that there are real and heartbreaking cases that are reported, unreported and reported then passed by. These are still the ones who need help, who need support and to be rescued from their abusive situations. Not only the abused child needs help, but the families of those children need help. "If we permit feelings of rage toward abusers of children to blind us to the needs of the parents as well as the children, these suffering and unfortunate families will be repelled and not helped."

What is "abuse"? Simply stated it can be answered in one word - evil. It destroys lives, physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually. It destroys families and individuals. However, God has a plan for our lives and through intervention, counseling, and instruction in God's Word, such cases as these can be turned around, not only for the child but for the rest of the family. Yes, even the abuser.

Alison Landes, B.A., Jacquelyn Quiram, B.A. and Nancy R. Jacobs, B.A., editors, Child Abuse - Betraying a Trust, Information Plus, Wylie, TX 1995, p115

Stephen D. Grubman, Broken Boys / Mending Men, Black Tab Books, Blue Ridge Summit, PA, 1990.

Lisa Aversa Richette, The Throwaway Children, A Delta Book, 1969, p28 Alison Landes, et.al. , Child Abuse - Betraying a Trust, p3

Alison Landes, B.A., Jacquelyn Quiram, B.A. and Nancy R. Jacobs, B.A., editors, Domestic Violence, No Longer Behind the Curtains, Information Plus, Wylie, TX 1993; from an article originally by Richard Gelles and Murry Straus, "Physical Violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in 8145 Families.", Translation Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 1990

Dr. Susan Forward with Craig Buck, Toxic Parents: Overcoming Their Hurtful Legacy and Reclaiming Your Life, A Bantam Book, August 1989, p1

Poem is mine - not of experience but of observation. 1996

Alison Landes, B.A., Jacquelyn Quiram, B.A. and Nancy R. Jacobs, B.A., editors, Domestic Violence, No Longer Behind the Curtains, from Studies from Cathy Widom, National Institute of Justice, "The Cycle of Justice", 1992

IBID.

Jane Bradley and Ray Peters, American National Journal of Orthopsychiatry, "Physically Abusive and Non-abusive Mothers’ Perceptions of Parenting and Child Behavior", The Mothers perspective of Her Child, Vol. 61 No 3.

Ray E Helfer, C. Henry Kempe, Child Abuse and Neglect: The Family and the Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, Mass, 1976, p118

DKA, "Our Biggest Child Abuse Problem", quoting 1988 Study of the National Incident and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect..

Joy Byers, National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, as published by Abigail Van Bruen, "Dallas Morning News", Dear Abby, Section C, April 1, 1996 Dr. Susan Forward with Craig Buck, Toxic Parents, p47

Lisa Aversa Richette, The Throwaway Children, p83

David Bender and Bruno Leone, Series editors, Child Abuse: Opposing Viewpoints, Greenhaven Press, San Diego, CA, 994, p35

Dr. Susan Forward with Craig Buck, Toxic Parents, p50 IBID., p96 Linda Meyer Williams "Recall of Childhood Trauma", Journal of Counseling Psychology, Dec. 1994 "Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974" , Subsection 5(3).

Ray E Helfer, C. Henry Kempe, Child Abuse and Neglect: The Family and the Community, p129

Alison Landes, B.A., Jacquelyn Quiram, B.A. and Nancy R. Jacobs, B.A., editors, Domestic Violence, No Longer Behind the Curtains, 68

IBID., quoting Maya Angelou, from I Know Why Caged Birds Sing Alison Landes, B.A., Jacquelyn Quiram, B.A. and Nancy R. Jacobs, B.A., editors, Child Abuse - Betraying a Trust, p7

IBID.

Dr. Susan Forward with Craig Buck, Toxic Parents, p144 Ray E Helfer, C. Henry Kempe, Child Abuse and Neglect: The Family and the Community, p131, from S. Weinberg, Incest Behavior, New York, Citadel Press 1955

Dr. Susan Forward with Craig Buck, Toxic Parents, p144.

IBID., p139.

Anthony Godby Johnson, A Rock and a Hard Place", Crown publishers, Inc., New York, 1993

IBID.

IBID.

IBID.

IBID.

Essay from Ontario Centre for Religious Tolerance, author unknown, Satanic Ritual Abuse (SRA), INTERNET www.kosone.com/people/ocrt/sra.htm, 1996, p1. (This is a secular organization similar to the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU)

David Bender and Bruno Leone, Series editors, Child Abuse: Opposing Viewpoints, p20

Ray E Helfer, C. Henry Kempe, Child Abuse and Neglect, quoting D.J. Besharov, "Building a Community Response to Child Abuse and Maltreatment.", Children Today, (September-October) 2-4, 1975

IBID.

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